Vitagraph Studios

Vitagraph Studios, also known as the Vitagraph Company of America, was a United States motion picture studio. It was founded by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1897 in Brooklyn, New York, as the American Vitagraph Company. By 1907 it was the most prolific American film production company, producing many famous silent films. It was bought by Warner Bros. in 1925.

History
In 1896, English émigré Blackton was moonlighting as a reporter/artist for the New York Evening World when he was sent to interview Thomas Edison about his new film projector. The inventor talked the entrepreneurial reporter into buying a set of films and a projector. A year later, Blackton and business partner Smith founded the American Vitagraph Company in direct competition with Edison. A third partner, distributor William "Pop" Rock, joined in 1899. The company's first studio was located on the rooftop of a building on Nassau Street in Manhattan. Operations were later moved to the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.

The company's first claim to fame came from newsreels: Vitagraph cameramen were on the scene to film events from the Spanish–American War of 1898. These shorts were among the first works of motion-picture propaganda, and a few had that most characteristic fault of propaganda, studio re-enactments being passed off as footage of actual events (The Battle of Santiago Bay was filmed in an improvised bathtub, with the "smoke of battle" provided by Mrs. Blackton's cigar). In 1897 Vitagraph produced The Humpty Dumpty Circus, which was the first film to use the stop-motion technique.

Vitagraph was not the only company seeking to make money from Edison's motion picture inventions, and Edison's lawyers were very busy in the 1890s and 1900s filing patents and suing competitors for patent infringement. Blackton did his best to avoid lawsuits by buying a special license from Edison in 1907 and by agreeing to sell many of his most popular films to Edison for distribution.

The American Vitagraph Company made many contributions to the history of movie-making. In 1903 the director Joseph Delmont started his career by producing westerns; he later became famous by using "wild carnivores" in his movies—a sensation for that time.

In 1909 it was one of the original ten production companies included in Edison's attempt to corner movie-making, the Motion Picture Patents Company. Major stars included Florence Turner (the Vitagraph Girl, one of the world's first movie stars), Maurice Costello (the first of the matinee idols), Harry T. Morey, Jean (the Vitagraph Dog and the first animal star of the Silent Era) and such future stars as Helen Hayes, Viola Dana, Dolores Costello, Norma Talmadge, Constance Talmadge, and Moe Howard. Larry Trimble was a noted director of films for Turner and Jean (he was also the dog's owner).

The first "Les Miserables" film adaptation, a short silent historical drama starring Maurice Costello as Jean Valjean and William V. Ranous as Javert, is distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America. The film consists of four reels, each released over the course of three months beginning on 4 September to 27 November 1909.

John Bunny made films for Vitagraph in the 1910s most of them co-starring Flora Finch, and was the most popular film comedian in the world in the years before Chaplin; his death in 1915 was observed worldwide. In 1910 a number of movie houses showed the five parts of the Vitagraph serial The Life of Moses consecutively (a total length of almost 90 minutes), making it one of many to claim the title of "the first feature film." A long series of Shakespeare adaptations were the first done of the Bard's works in the U.S.

In 1911, Vitagraph produced the first aviation film, The Military Air-Scout, directed by William J. Humphrey, with future General of the Air Force Hap Arnold as the stunt flier.

The 1915 feature The Battle Cry of Peace (written and directed by Blackton) was one of the great propaganda films of World War I. Ironically, after America declared war, the film was modified for re-release because it was seen as not being sufficiently pro-war, thus it also earns a place in the history of censorship.

World War I spelled the beginning of the end for Vitagraph. With the loss of foreign distributors and the rise of the monopolistic Studio system, Vitagraph was slowly but surely squeezed out of the business. On January 28, 1925, it left the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (later MPAA); the owner, Albert E. Smith, explained: "Vitagraph withdraws because it does not believe that justice to the distributors and to the public and to those independent producers who are not theater owning exhibitors, can be obtained through the labors of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America."

On April 22, 1925, Smith finally gave up and sold the company to Warner Bros. for a comfortable profit. The Flatbush studio (renamed Vitaphone) was later used as an independent unit within Warner Bros., specializing in early sound shorts. Among those performers who made early film appearances in Vitaphone shorts filmed at the Flatbush studios include Al Jolson, Humphrey Bogart, Jimmy Stewart, Bob Hope, Spencer Tracy, Jack Benny, Sammy Davis Jr., Sylvia Sidney, Pat O'Brien, Ruth Etting, Mischa Elman, Frances Langford, Betty Hutton, Burns and Allen, Giovanni Martinelli, Xavier Cugat, Bill Robinson, Lillian Roth, Joan Blondell, Ethel Merman, Abbe Lane, Eleanor Powell, Helen Morgan, The Nicholas Brothers, Milton Berle, Leo Carillo, Harriet Nelson, Brian Donlevy, Jane Froman, Jack Haley, Phil Silvers, Judy Canova, Nina Mae McKinney, Marjorie Main, Rose Marie, Joe Penner, Ethel Waters, June Allyson, Shemp Howard, Lanny Ross, Lionel Stander, Edgar Bergen, and Cyd Charisse among others.

The Vitagraph name was briefly resurrected from 1960 to 1969 at the end of Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes cartoons (starting with 1960's Hopalong Casualty), with the end titles reading "A Warner Bros. Cartoon / A Vitagraph Release". Merrie Melodies of the same period (starting with that same year's From Hare to Heir) had the same end title, with the last line being "A Vitaphone Release." (From August 1968 to the end of the original series in 1969, Merrie Melodies had the last line reading "A Vitagraph Release" while Looney Tunes of that same one-year period read "A Vitaphone Release.") This may have been done to protect the studio's ownership of the two largely defunct trade names.

Founder Albert E. Smith, in collaboration with coauthor Phil A. Koury, wrote an autobiography, "Two Reels and a Crank" in 1952 It includes a very detailed history of Vitagraph and a lengthy list of people who had been in the Vitagraph Family which included Billy Anderson, Florence Lawrence, Florence Turner, Richard Barthelmess, John Bunny, Francis X. Bushman, Dolores Costello, Maurice Costello, Sidney Drew, Dustin Farnum, Flora Finch, Hoot Gibson, Corinne Griffith, Alan Hale, Oliver Hardy, Mildred Harris, Hedda Hopper, Rex Ingram, Alice Joyce, Boris Karloff, J. Warren Kerrigan, Rod La Rocque, E.K. Lincoln, Bessie Love, May McAvoy, Victor McLaglen, Adolphe Menjou, Antonio Moreno, Conrad Nagel, Mabel Normand, Lottie Pickford, Billy Quirk, Wallace Reid, May Robson, Wesley Ruggles, George Stevens, Anita Stewart, Constance Talmadge, Natalie Talmadge, Norma Talmadge, William Desmond Taylor, Alice Terry, George Terwilliger, Florence Vidor, Earle Williams, Clara Kimball Young, and hundreds of other people are listed. In the text of the book he also refers to hiring a 17-year-old Rudolph Valentino into the set-decorating department, but within a week he was being used by directors as an extra in foreign parts, mainly as a Russian Cossack..

Location
Vitagraph's first office was in Lower Manhattan, on the corner of Nassau St. and Beekman St., where they shot their first film, The Burglar on the Roof, in 1897. They subsequently opened the first modern film studio in the U.S., built in 1906, at the corner of East 14th St. and Locust Ave. (near Avenue M) in the Midwood section of Brooklyn. They created a second film studio in Santa Monica, California, in 1911, and a year later moved to a 29-acre sheep ranch at 4151 Prospect Street in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles, a studio subsequently owned by ABC and Disney Studios until demolishing.

Notable films

 * The Humpty Dumpty Circus (1898)
 * The Enchanted Drawing (1900)
 * Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom (1905)
 * Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906)
 * The Automobile Thieves (1906)
 * A Curious Dream (1907)
 * The Thieving Hand (1908)
 * Macbeth (1908)
 * Romeo and Juliet (1908)
 * Antony and Cleopatra (1908)
 * Oliver Twist (1909)
 * Princess Nicotine; or, The Smoke Fairy (1909)
 * Les Misérables (1909)
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909)
 * Jephtah's Daughter: A Biblical Tragedy (1909)
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin (1910)
 * Indiscretions of Betty (1910)
 * Jean and the Calico Doll (1910)
 * Jean the Match-Maker (1910)
 * A Tin-Type Romance (1910)
 * St. Elmo (1910)
 * Vanity Fair (1911)
 * Her Crowning Glory (1911)
 * The Military Air-Scout (1911)
 * Little Nemo (1911)
 * A Tale of Two Cities (1911)
 * All for a Girl (1912)
 * Captain Jenks' Dilemma (1912)
 * The Cross-Roads (1912)
 * A Cure for Pokeritis (1912)
 * The Woman in White (1912)
 * Bunny Dips Into Society (1913)
 * Our Wives (1913)
 * Captain Alvarez (1914)
 * A Florida Enchantment (1914)
 * My Official Wife (1914)
 * Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)
 * The Kiss (1914)
 * A Little Madonna (1914)
 * The Battle Cry of Peace (1915)
 * Hearts and the Highway (1915)
 * The Combat (1916)
 * Lights of New York (1916)
 * Mrs. Dane's Danger (1916)
 * The Fighting Trail (1917)
 * The Glory of Yolanda (1917)
 * Her Right to Live (1917)
 * Dunces and Dangers (1918)
 * The Triumph of the Weak (1918)
 * A Woman in the Web (1918)
 * The Common Cause (1919)
 * A Rogue's Romance (1919)
 * Smashing Barriers (1919)
 * The Spark Divine (1919)
 * The Star Boarder (1919)
 * Thin Ice (1919 film) (1919)
 * The Third Degree (1919)
 * Tootsies and Tamales (1919)
 * A Yankee Princess (1919)
 * The Film Outside Pappadeaux! (1920)
 * Black Beauty (1921)
 * The Blizzard (1921)
 * Cousin Kate (1921)
 * The Heart of Maryland (1921)
 * The Inner Chamber (1921)
 * Lucky Carson (1921)
 * The Little Minister (1922)
 * The Man from Downing Street (1922)
 * The Ninety and Nine (1922)
 * On the Banks of the Wabash (1923)
 * Between Friends (1924)
 * Captain Blood (1924)
 * Let Not Man Put Asunder (1924)
 * Wildfire (1925)
 * The Unknown Lover (1925)
 * Baree, Son of Kazan (1925)

International

 * Gaumont Film Company (1900-1910)
 * Nordisk Film (1910-1920)
 * Universal Studios (1920-1925)

Canada

 * Vancouver Film Company (1900-1917)
 * Toronto Film Corporation (1917-1925)

In popular culture
The Big Bad Voodoo Daddy "Mr. Pinstripe" music video is about the making of a Vitagraph film.