Pinewood Studios

Pinewood Studios is a British film and television studio located approximately 20 mi west of central London, and 7 miles from Windsor.

The studios have been the base for many productions over the years from big-budget films to television shows, commercials, and pop promos. It is well known as the home of the James Bond franchise.

History
Pinewood Studios was built on the estate of Heatherden Hall, which was a large Victorian house. It was purchased by Canadian financier and MP for Brentford and Chiswick Lt. Col. Grant Morden, who added refinements such as a ballroom, a Turkish bath and an indoor squash court. Due to its seclusion, it was used as a discreet meeting place for high-ranking politicians and diplomats and the agreement to create the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed there.

On Morden's death in 1934, building tycoon Charles Boot bought the land and turned it into a country club. The ballroom was converted into a restaurant and many of the bedrooms became furnished suites.

1930s
In 1935, millionaire Methodist and flour magnate J. Arthur Rank created a partnership with Boot and together transformed the estate into a film studio. Boot based designs for the studio complex upon the latest ideas being employed by film studios in Hollywood, California. Boot named the new studio Pinewood because "of the number of trees which grow there and because it seemed to suggest something of the American film centre in its second syllable". In December of that year construction began, with a new stage completed every three weeks. The studios were finished nine months later, having cost £1 million (approx. £37 million at 2012 prices). Five stages were initially completed and a provision for an enclosed water tank capable of holding 65,000 gallons, which is still in use. In the years that followed he also undertook further work on both the Pinewood Film Studios and the Denham Film Studios, both of which had by then become a part of their newly formed Rank Organisation.

On 30 September 1936, the studio complex was officially opened by Dr Leslie Burgin, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade. The first film director to use the facilities was Herbert Wilcox, completing London Melody (1937) featuring Anna Neagle, portions of which had already been filmed at British and Dominions Imperial Studios in Elstree before a fire there halted production. The first film to be made entirely at Pinewood was Talk of the Devil (1936), directed by Carol Reed.

There followed a prolific period of Pinewood and British film history, with Pinewood following the studios adopting the "unit system", an American industry practice. This enabled several pictures to be filmed simultaneously, and ultimately Pinewood achieved the highest output of any studio in the world.

1940s
During World War II Pinewood was requisitioned and subsequently the Crown Film Unit, No. 5 Army Film and Photographic Unit, Royal Air Force Film Production Unit and Polish Air Force Film Unit were based there. The Crown Film Unit completed many classic wartime documentaries including Roy Boulting's Academy Award winning Desert Victory. Fires Were Started, Coastal Command and Western Approaches were all filmed there during this period. As well as the armed forces using Pinewood, The Royal Mint and Lloyd's of London were installed onto sound stages and opened for business for the duration.

The Company of Youth, the Rank Organisation acting school (often referred to as "The Charm School") which launched several film careers, was founded in 1945. The next year, Pinewood re-opened for (non-war-related) business.

Two landmarks in British film-making made at Pinewood were released in 1948: Oliver Twist, directed by David Lean, and Powell and Pressburger's The Red Shoes. Due to a shortfall in funds, brought about by financial overspends the previous year, Rank did not have enough money to market The Red Shoes sufficiently at first in the US, but it went on to become Rank's biggest earner up to that point, grossing over £1 million (the equivalent of £26 million in 2012 terms).

In 1948, John Davis was appointed managing director. By the following year, Rank had run up an overdraft of £16 million (the equivalent of £364.5 million in 2012), and announced a loss of £3.5 million, mainly due to big budget flops. One of the largest of these had been Caesar and Cleopatra (1946), which was originally budgeted at £250,000, but which eventually cost £1,278,000 (the equivalent of £33 million in 2012).

1950s
During the 1950s the financially successful Carry On... and Doctor films were shot at Pinewood, produced on behalf of Rank by Peter Rogers and his wife Betty E. Box, and directed by the brothers Gerald Thomas and Ralph Thomas respectively. Doctor in the House was the most popular box office film of 1954 in Great Britain. The Norman Wisdom comedies were also filmed at Pinewood.

1960s
The 1960s were buoyant years for Pinewood, which was no longer solely dependent on the Rank Organisation to fill its stages, now "Renters" (producers hiring the sound stages for a film-by-film agreement) were using half of the stages as Pinewood turned into a four walls facility. The James Bond franchise began at Pinewood with the Terence Young directed Dr. No (1962), and has continued to be based at the studios since then.

J. Arthur Rank (by now Lord Rank) retired as Chairman in 1962 and was succeeded by John Davis, who had begun to move the Rank Organisation away from mass film production and towards more profitable and less risky businesses like bingo and holidays.

1970s
The 1970s were an uncertain period for Pinewood and the film industry in general, with the studios being used more for television programmes, including ITC Entertainment's UFO (1970), The Persuaders! (1971), starring Tony Curtis and Roger Moore, and Space: 1999 (1975–77). Throughout the lean years of the 1970s the Superman franchise almost certainly saved the studios from financial crisis.

1980s
Four James Bond movies, For Your Eyes Only; Octopussy; A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights amongst several other very large productions, such as Aliens and Tim Burton's Batman, kept the studio busy during the decade.

1990s
Due in large part to unfavourable UK tax laws for inward investment in the UK film industry, the 1990s were precarious and witnessed an all-time low in British film production generally, but many large-scale productions such as Alien 3, Tim Burton's Batman Returns and three further Bond films (GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies and The World Is Not Enough) kept Pinewood operating.

The Rank Group owned the studio until 2001, when they sold Pinewood to a group led by Michael Grade and Ivan Dunleavy. The purchase of Shepperton Studios from a consortium headed by Ridley and Tony Scott gave rise to The Pinewood Studios Group with both UK and international interests including Shepperton Studios, Teddington Studios, Pinewood Toronto Studios, Pinewood Indomina Studios, Pinewood Studio Berlin and Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios, combining three studios as well as new and modern state-of-the-art purpose built facilities.

2000s
In 2009, Pinewood and Shepperton received a BAFTA Award for their Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.

2010s
The Pinewood Studios Group was subject to a hostile takeover approach in 2011. Manchester-based The Peel Group acquired a 73% stake, but Warren James Jewellers retained a 27% stake, so preventing a full takeover. As of 2012, Pinewood's management is waiting to see if the Financial Services Authority will cancel the stock market listing in recognition of the fact that nearly all the shares are held by two groups.

Stages, studios and locations
The 007 Stage was originally built for the Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and featured a massive water tank, one of the largest in Europe. The stage was destroyed by fire in 1984; it was rebuilt four months later and renamed Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage in time for filming to commence on A View to a Kill. Another fire on 30 July 2006 seriously damaged the stage, causing the roof to partly collapse. Construction of a new stage began on 18 September and was completed in under six months. Since then, the stage has accommodated large productions including Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010), Quantum of Solace (2008) and the whole fishing village from Mamma Mia! (2008) was built on the stage.

As well as the 007 Stage, which is the largest stage at any of the studios under The Pinewood Studios Group at 59,000 sq ft, the studio has fifteen other stages ranging from just 1,728 sq ft, to cater for productions of all sizes. One of those studios, the T Stage, is a specialist stage for both television and film productions and the Studios second largest stage at 30,000 sq ft.

Pinewood Studios paid tribute to Richard Attenborough's body of work by naming a purpose-built film and television stage after him. The Richard Attenborough Stage has an area of 30,000 sq ft. In his absence because of illness, Lord Puttnam and Pinewood Chairman Lord Grade officially unveiled the stage on 23 April 2012. Opposite it, is a post-production block named in honour of Stanley Kubrick.

The studio also has two specialist TV studios, named TV One and TV Two, complete with integral galleries, TV studio floors, TV lighting grids and SD or HD facilities. Both studios stand at just under 9,000 sq ft.

As stated earlier, Pinewood is situated on the old estate of Heatherden Hall which still stands today. The mansion, its gardens and other parts of the studios have been used in various productions over the years. Peeping Tom (1960) shows people driving out through the main gate and has various shots in the studios (showing things behind the camera), offices and corridors. Return to the Edge of the World (1978) includes shots of director Michael Powell driving into the studio. The iconic main gate (now no longer used due to the construction of a purpose-built security entrance 500 yards further along the road) also features in My Week with Marilyn (2011) when Eddie Redmayne greets Judi Dench. This film also contains many shots of the dressing-room corridors in the main make-up block. Heatherden Hall (converted to production offices) has appeared in several films: it was made to look fire-damaged and derelict for the children's film The Amazing Mr Blunden (1972) and also appeared as the Indian residence of Governor Sir Sidney Ruff-Diamond in Carry On up the Khyber.

The studios have acres of backlots where huge sets have been built, from castles to whole villages including Godric's Hollow from the Harry Potter film series.

Burnham Beeches and Black Park
The proximity of the ancient woodland Burnham Beeches and Black Park to Pinewood (as well as to Shepperton and Bray studios) and the outstanding natural beauty of the forest have made Burnham Beeches a desirable filming location for productions being filmed at Pinewood. Burnham Beeches has been used for a large number of films, including Robin Hood Prince of Thieves, First Knight, Goldfinger, The Princess Bride and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Many other films and TV productions have made use of the facilities on offer at the Beeches. (For a more comprehensive list, see.)

Pinewood Atlanta Studios
The studio announced in April 2013 that its first film production facility in the United States would be located south of Atlanta.

The complex, which is located on 700 acres (283ha) in Fayette County, Georgia., includes 400,000 sq.ft. (37,161 sq.m) of production offices, workshops, and vendor space, along with seven backlots equaling 400 acres (161ha) and at least 11 soundstages (soon to be 18) totaling 346,000 sq.ft. (32,144 sq.m).

The studio soundstage capacity currently consists of six 15,000 sq.ft. stages (1,394 sq.m), two 18,000 sq.ft. stages (1,672 sq.m), six 20,000 sq.ft. stages (1,858 sq.m), two 30,000 sq.ft. stages (2,787 sq.m) and one 40,000 sq.ft. stage (3,716 sq.m).

The studio facility is currently undergoing its second major expansion since opening in 2014. When this expansion is complete, Pinewood Studios Atlanta will be the largest purpose-built studio complex in the United States outside of Hollywood, California.

Pinewood Atlanta is a joint venture between the studio and River's Rock LLC, an independently managed trust of the Cathy family, founders of the Chick-fil-A fast-food chain. The first production set to film at the studio was the Marvel Studios film Ant-Man in 2014. Since the studio has opened, Marvel Studios has utilized the facilities for the production of numerous blockbuster movies over the past several years.

Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios
Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios is a studio complex located at a 20-hectare site in Nusajaya, Johor, managed by The Pinewood Studios Group. It targets the Asia-Pacific region. Pinewood Shepperton plc entered into a strategic agreement with Khazanah Nasional Berhad,the investment holding arm of the Government of Malaysia in connection with the development of a new film and television studio facility in Iskandar Malaysia. Heavy investment is pouring into the region, providing necessary funds for infrastructure projects and large business developments. Construction began towards the end of 2010, with completion expected by the end of 2012. The state-of-the-art facilities being built as part of the studio complex include 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of film stages, ranging from 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) to 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2). The first two at 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) while the other two at 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2). The biggest stage at 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) will have a water tank for productions that require work on or under water.[1] There are 2 TV studios, each at 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2).

Water filming
Pinewood has extensive water filming facilities including the globally unique Underwater Stage and a huge Exterior Tank backed with a massive green screen measuring 240 ft x 60 ft.

Post production
Pinewood and Shepperton's FACT (Federation Against Copyright Theft) accredited post-production departments are very successful with BAFTA and Oscar-winning teams.

Project Pinewood
In November 2007, Pinewood announced a £200m expansion plan, known as Project Pinewood. If built the development would see replicas of streetscapes and zones replicating locations from the UK, Europe and the USA. Planned zones include a college campus, Amsterdam, modern European housing, Venice, Lake Como, Paris, an Amphitheatre, Prague, West coast American housing, warehousing and downtown New York sets, Chicago, Vienna, a castle, a UK canal, Chinatown and a London street market built. In addition it will also be used as residential housing, with the proposed creative community, expected to be in the region of 2000 and 2250, being integrated with the film locations. Job creation is also a key part of the plan, helping to boost the economy of both the region and the nation as a whole.

Following consultations with the local community the plans changed to reflect the community's opinions and suggestions. However, the planning application was still rejected by South Bucks District Council in October 2009, following a prolonged opposition campaign by local residents, who formed a "Stop Project Pinewood" group.

Pinewood appealed against the decision and a public inquiry commenced on 5 April 2011 and on 20 January 2012, it was announced that the appeal had been turned down. On 15 May 2013, local councilors in South Buckinghamshire rejected a pared down version of the expansion plans. In a statement, the Chief Executive of the studios, Ivan Dunleavy, said he expected to appeal against the latest decision to the Secretary of State, Eric Pickles, who rejected the previous application, a year earlier. On 19 June 2014 It was reported that Pinewood Studios had received approval to go ahead with the multimillion-pound expansion plans which would see it rival Hollywood film sets.

Enter the Pitch
Pinewood Studios is one of the sponsors for the short film competition Enter the Pitch, also known as The Pitch, which launched in 2009. The Pitch is an online short film pitching competition that invites film makers to submit a project that takes inspiration from any story, character or theme in the Bible. The top ten finalists are taken to Pinewood Studios, where they pitch their film to a panel of judges who are industry professionals. The person giving the winning pitch will win an apprenticeship with industry professionals and will be mentored on how to turn their pitch into a short film.

Past winners are Derelict (2009), Rahab (2010), The Black Scholes Conspiracy (2011), The Light (2012), Pulsar (2013), and Only Child (2014).

Production history
Since its beginning, Pinewood Studios has been the location for many well-known films, with the long-running James Bond and Carry On British film series making Pinewood their home.

Some of the most notable Pinewood productions (by release date) include:

1930s-1950s

 * Talk of the Devil (1939)
 * Black Narcissus (1947)
 * Oliver Twist (1948)
 * The Red Shoes (1948)
 * The Blue Lagoon (1949)
 * The Importance of Being Earnest (1952)
 * Genevieve (1953)
 * Doctor in the House (1954)
 * A Town Like Alice (1956)
 * The Spanish Gardener (1956)
 * Ill Met by Moonlight (1957)
 * The Prince and the Showgirl (1957)
 * Carry On Sergeant (1958)
 * A Night to Remember (1958)
 * North West Frontier (1959)
 * Carry On Nurse (1959)
 * Tiger Bay (1959)

1960s-1970s
UFO 1969-1970
 * The League of Gentlemen (1960)
 * Peeping Tom (1960)
 * Whistle Down the Wind (1961)
 * Dr. No (1962)
 * From Russia with Love (1963)
 * Goldfinger (1964)
 * The Moon-Spinners (1964)
 * Thunderball (1965)
 * The Ipcress File (1965)
 * Fahrenheit 451 (1966)
 * Arabesque (1966)
 * You Only Live Twice (1967)
 * Carry On Doctor (1967)
 * Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
 * Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968)
 * Battle of Britain (1969)
 * Carry On Camping (1969)
 * On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
 * The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
 * The Persuaders (television) (1970–71)
 * 200 Motels (1971)
 * Fiddler on the Roof (1971)
 * Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
 * Sleuth (1972)
 * Madame Sin (1972)
 * Baffled! (1972)
 * Frenzy (1972)
 * The Amazing Mr Blunden (1972)
 * Vampire Circus (1972)
 * The Day of the Jackal (1973)
 * Live and Let Die (1973)
 * The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
 * The Man Who Would Be King (1975)
 * Space: 1999 (television) (1975–1977)
 * Bugsy Malone (1976)
 * Star Wars (1977)
 * The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
 * Superman (1978)
 * Alien (1979)

1980s-1990s

 * The Watcher in the Woods (1980)
 * Superman II (1980)
 * Dragonslayer (1981)
 * For Your Eyes Only (1981)
 * Clash of the Titans (1981)
 * Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982)
 * Victor Victoria (1982)
 * Curse of the Pink Panther (1983)
 * Krull (1983)
 * Octopussy (1983)
 * Top Secret! (1984)
 * Supergirl (film) (1984)
 * Santa Claus: The Movie (1985)
 * A View to a Kill (1985)
 * Legend (1985)
 * Spies Like Us (1985)
 * Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
 * Aliens (1986)
 * The Living Daylights (1987)
 * Hellraiser (1987)
 * Full Metal Jacket (1987)
 * A Dry White Season (1988)
 * License To Kill (1989)
 * Batman (1989)
 * Nightbreed (1990)
 * Alien 3 (1992)
 * Patriot Games (1992)
 * Black Beauty (1994)
 * Interview with the Vampire (1994)
 * First Knight (1995)
 * Mission: Impossible (1996)
 * The Saint (1997)
 * Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
 * Event Horizon (1997)
 * The Fifth Element (1997)
 * The World Is Not Enough (1999)
 * Eyes Wide Shut (1999)

2000-2009

 * Jesus Christ Superstar (2000)
 * Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001)
 * Die Another Day (2002)
 * The Hours (2002)
 * 28 Days Later (2002)
 * Love, Actually (2003)
 * Alexander (2004)
 * Finding Neverland (2004)
 * King Arthur (2004)
 * The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
 * Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
 * Nanny McPhee (2005)
 * United 93 (2006)
 * Stardust (2006)
 * Casino Royale (2006)
 * The Da Vinci Code (2006)
 * Children of Men (2006)
 * 1408 (2007)
 * Fred Claus (2007)
 * Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
 * The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
 * Mamma Mia! (2008)
 * The Dark Knight (2008)
 * Quantum of Solace (2008)
 * The Bank Job (2008)
 * Sherlock Holmes (2009)

2010-2016

 * Clash of the Titans (2010)
 * Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010)
 * The Wolfman (2010)
 * Gulliver's Travels (2010)
 * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
 * Kick-Ass (2010)
 * You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (2010)
 * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
 * Hugo (2011)
 * Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)
 * Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)
 * Johnny English Reborn (2011)
 * My Week with Marilyn (2011)
 * X-Men: First Class (2011)
 * Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011)
 * The Iron Lady (2011)
 * Dark Shadows (2012)
 * Snow White & the Huntsman (2012)
 * Prometheus (2012)
 * Skyfall (2012)
 * The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
 * Les Misérables (2012)
 * 47 Ronin (2013)
 * The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
 * Dom Hemingway (2013)
 * Gravity (2013)
 * Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
 * Vampire Academy (2014)
 * Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)
 * Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
 * Maleficent (2014)
 * The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
 * Fury (2014)
 * Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)
 * Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
 * Ant-Man (2015)
 * Cinderella (2015)
 * Everest (2015)
 * Ex Machina (2015)
 * Spectre (2015)
 * Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
 * Assassin's Creed (2016)
 * Doctor Strange (2016)
 * On Chesil Beach (2017)

Television

 * EastEnders
 * Emmerdale
 * Extras
 * Little Charley Bear
 * The IT Crowd
 * Midsomer Murders
 * The Weakest Link (2001–2009)
 * Would I Lie to You? (2009—)
 * 10 O'Clock Live (2011–2013)
 * Sing If You Can (2011)
 * Big School (2013–2014)
 * Through the Keyhole (2013—)
 * Count Arthur Strong (2013—)
 * 8 Out of 10 Cats (2013—)
 * The National Lottery Draws (2013—)
 * The Voice UK (2013; live shows only)
 * The Taste (2014)
 * Duck Quacks Don't Echo (2014—)
 * Birds of a Feather (2014—)
 * Red Dwarf (2015–2016)
 * Still Open All Hours (2015—)
 * Teletubbies (2015—)
 * Insert Name Here (2016—)
 * Debatable (2016—)