Film studio

A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major entertainment company or motion picture company that has its own privately owned studio facility or facilities that are used to make films, which is handled by the production company. The majority of firms in the entertainment industry have never owned their own studios, but have rented space from other companies.

There are also independently owned studio facilities, who have never produced a motion picture of their own because they are not Entertainment companies or Motion Picture companies; they are companies who sell only studio space.

The largest film studio in the world is Hengdian World Studios, in Zhejiang, China.

Beginnings
In 1893, Thomas Edison built the first movie studio in the United States when he constructed the Black Maria, a tarpaper-covered structure near his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, and asked circus, vaudeville, and dramatic actors to perform for the camera. He distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. The pioneering Thanhouser film studio was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser. The company produced and released 1,086 films between 1910 and 1917, successfully distributing them around the world. The first film serial ever, Million Dollar Mystery, was released by the Thanhouser company in 1914.

In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, California. Although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film; the best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles. Early movie producers also relocated to Southern California to escape Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company, which controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time.

The first movie studio in the Hollywood area was Nestor Studios, opened in 1911 by Al Christie for David Horsley. In the same year, another 15 independents settled in Hollywood. Other production companies eventually settled in the Los Angeles area in places such as Culver City, Burbank, and what would soon become known as Studio City in the San Fernando Valley.

The "majors"
The Big 5

By the mid-1920s, the evolution of a handful of American production companies into wealthy motion picture industry conglomerates that owned their own studios, distribution divisions, and theaters, and contracted with performers and other filmmaking personnel, led to the sometimes confusing equation of "studio" with "production company" in industry slang. Five large companies, 20th Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer came to be known as the "Big Five," the "majors," or "the Studios" in trade publications such as Variety, and their management structures and practices collectively came to be known as the "studio system."

The Little 3

Although they owned few or no theaters to guarantee sales of their films, Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and United Artists also fell under these rubrics, making a total of eight generally recognized "major studios". United Artists, although its controlling partners owned not one but two production studios during the Golden Age, had an often-tenuous hold on the title of "major" and operated mainly as a backer and distributor of independently produced films.

The minors
Smaller studios operated simultaneously with "the majors." These included operations such as Republic Pictures, active from 1935, which produced films that occasionally matched the scale and ambition of the larger studio, and Monogram Pictures, which specialized in series and genre releases. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the minor studios filled the demand for B movies and are sometimes collectively referred to as Poverty Row.

The independents
The Big Five's ownership of movie theaters was eventually opposed by eight independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn, David O. Selznick, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, and Walter Wanger. In 1948, the federal government won a case against Paramount in the Supreme Court, which ruled that the vertically integrated structure of the movie industry constituted an illegal monopoly. This decision, reached after twelve years of litigation, hastened the end of the studio system and Hollywood's "Golden Age".

Typical major film studio components
By the 1950s, the physical components of a typical major film studio had become standardized. Since then, a major film studio has usually been housed inside a physically secure compound with a high wall, which protects filmmaking operations from unwanted interference from paparazzi and crazed fans of leading movie stars. Movement in and out of the studio is normally limited to specific gates (often capped with grand decorative arches), where visitors must stop at a boom barrier and explain the purpose of their visit to a security guard. Studio premises generally feature multiple sound stages along with an outside backlot, as well as offices for studio executives and production companies. There is normally a studio "commissary", which is the traditional term in the film industry for what other industries call a company cafeteria. Early nitrate film was notoriously flammable, and sets were and are still very flammable, which is why film studios built in the early-to-mid 20th century have water towers to facilitate firefighting.

Film to television
Halfway through the 1950s, with television proving to be a lucrative enterprise not destined to disappear any time soon—as many in the film industry had once hoped—movie studios were increasingly being used to produce programming for the burgeoning medium. Some midsize film companies, such as Republic Pictures, eventually sold their studios to TV production concerns, which were eventually bought by larger studios, such as the American Broadcasting Company which was purchased by The Walt Disney Company in 1996.

Today
With the growing diversification of studios into such fields as video games, television, theme parks, home video and publishing, they have become multi-national corporations. As the studios increased in size they began to rely on production companies, like J.J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions, to handle many of the creative and physical production details of their feature films. Instead the studios transformed into financing and distribution entities for the films made by their affiliated production companies as well as the decreasing cost of CG and visual effects, many studios sold large chunks of their once massive studio spaces or backlots to private real-estate developers. Century City in Los Angeles was once part of the 20th Century Fox backlot, which was among the largest and most famous of the studio lots. In most cases portions of the backlots were retained and are available for rental by various film and television productions. Some studios offer tours of their backlots, while Universal Pictures allows visitors to its adjacent Universal Studios Hollywood theme park to take a tram tour of the backlot where films such as Psycho and Back to the Future were once shot.

Independent film and the studios
In the 1980s and 90s, as the cost of professional 16mm film equipment decreased, along with the emergence of non-film innovations such as S-VHS and Mini-DV cameras, many young filmmakers began to make films outside the "studio system". Filmmakers such as Jim Jarmusch, Robert Rodriguez, Steven Soderbergh, Quentin Tarantino, Kevin Smith and Richard Linklater made films that pushed boundaries in ways the studios were then reluctant to do. In response to these films, many distributed by "mini-studios" like Miramax, the "majors" created their own in-house mini-studios meant to focus on edgier "independent" content. Focus Features was created by Universal Pictures and Fox Searchlight was created by 20th Century Fox for this purpose.

Notable film studios

 * 20th Century Fox (USA)
 * Amblin Entertainment (USA)
 * Anchor Bay Entertainment (USA)
 * Annapurna Studios (Hyderabad, India)
 * Ardmore Studios (Ireland)
 * Artisan Entertainment (USA)
 * Atlas Entertainment (USA)
 * Atlas Studios (Morocco)
 * AVM Productions (Chennai, India)
 * Babelsberg Studio (Germany)
 * Barrandov Studios (Czech Republic)
 * Bavaria Film (Germany)
 * BBC Films (UK)
 * Belarusfilm (Belarus)
 * Bigfoot Entertainment (USA, Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong)
 * Biograph Studios (USA)
 * Blue Sky Studios (USA)
 * The Bridge Studios (British Columbia, Canada)
 * Bosphorus Film Studios (Turkey)
 * Cannon Films (USA)
 * Carolco (USA)
 * CBS Films (USA)
 * Christie Film Company (USA)
 * Ciby 2000 (Canada, Norway, UK)
 * Cinecittà (Italy)
 * Cinema City International (Hong Kong)
 * Cinergi Pictures (USA)
 * Columbia Pictures (USA)
 * Constantin Film (Germany)
 * Crystal Sky Pictures (USA)
 * Daiei Film (Japan)
 * Dimension Films (USA)
 * Disneynature (France)
 * Dovzhenko Film Studios (Ukraine)
 * DreamWorks (USA)
 * Edison Studios (USA)
 * Edison's Black Maria (USA)
 * Elstree Studios (UK)
 * Eros Entertainment(India)
 * Famous Players Film Company (USA)
 * FBO (USA)
 * FilmWorks Entertainment (USA)
 * Fireworks Entertainment (USA & Cuba)
 * Five &amp; Two Pictures (USA)
 * Focus Features (USA)
 * Fox Searchlight Pictures (USA)
 * Fox Star Studios (India)
 * Full Moon Features (USA)
 * Gaumont Film Company (France)
 * Gener8Xion Entertainment (USA)
 * Genius Products (USA, Australia & UK)
 * Globo Filmes (Brazil)
 * Globus Group Studios
 * Goldwyn Pictures (USA)
 * GoodTimes Entertainment (USA)
 * Gorky Film Studio (Russia)
 * Grassroots Films (USA)
 * Hemdale Film Corporation (USA)
 * Hengdian World Studios (China)
 * Herzelia Studios (Herzliya, Israel)
 * Hollywood Pictures (USA)
 * IBA television studios (Jerusalem, Israel)
 * Illumination Entertainment (USA)
 * ITC Entertainment (UK)
 * Jerry Bruckheimer Films (USA)
 * Kadokawa Pictures (Japan)
 * Kalem Company (USA)
 * Kanteerava Studios (Bangalore, (India)
 * KDK Factory (USA)
 * Keystone Studios (USA)
 * Korda Studios (Hungary)
 * Legendary Pictures (USA)
 * Lenfilm (Russia)
 * Lions Gate Entertainment (USA, Canada)
 * Lubin Studios (USA)
 * Lucasfilm (USA)
 * LVN Pictures (Philippines)
 * Marwah Films &amp; Video Studios (New Delhi, India)
 * Media Asia Entertainment Group (Hong Kong)
 * MediaPro Pictures (Romania)
 * Meimad Television Studios (Tel-Aviv, Israel)
 * Méliès Films (France)
 * Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (USA)
 * Miramax Films (USA)
 * Moldova-Film (Moldova)
 * Moonbeam Entertainment (USA)
 * Mosfilm (Soviet Union [now Russia])
 * Mutual Film (USA)
 * National Film Board of Canada (Canada)
 * Nerigan Entertainment (New Zealand & Russia)
 * Nestor Studios (USA)
 * New Line Cinema (USA)
 * New World Pictures (USA)
 * Nikkatsu (Japan)
 * Nordisk Film (Denmark)
 * Nu Boyana Film (Bulgaria)
 * Open Road Films (USA)
 * Orange Sky Golden Harvest (Hong Kong)
 * Orion Pictures (USA)
 * Overture Films (USA)
 * Padmalaya Studios (Hyderabad, India)
 * Pantelion Films (USA)
 * Paramount Pictures (USA)
 * Pathé (France)
 * Pinewood Studios (UK)
 * Pixar Animation Studios (USA)
 * Possibility Pictures (USA)
 * Praise Pictures (USA)
 * Premium Picture Productions (USA)
 * Pure Flix Entertainment (USA)
 * Ramanaidu Studios (Hyderabad, India)
 * Ramoji Film City (Hyderabad, India)
 * Rank Organisation (UK)
 * Relativity Media (USA)
 * Republic Pictures (USA)
 * Revolution Studios (USA)
 * RKO Pictures (USA)
 * Russian World Studios (Russia)
 * Sampaguita Pictures (Philippines)
 * Sanrio (Japan & USA)
 * Screen Gems (USA)
 * Se-ma-for (Poland)
 * Selig Polyscope Company (USA)
 * Shanghai Film Group Corporation (China)
 * Shaw Brothers Studio (Hong Kong, China)
 * Shepperton Studios (UK)
 * Sherwood Pictures (USA)
 * Shochiku (Japan)
 * Solax Studios (USA)
 * Somali Film Agency (Somalia)
 * Sonar Entertainment (USA)
 * Sony Pictures Entertainment (USA & Japan)
 * Soyuzmultfilm (Russia)
 * Spiderwood Studios (USA)
 * Spyglass Entertainment (USA)
 * Stark Productions (Canada)
 * Studio Ghibli (Japan)
 * StudioCanal (France)
 * Summit Entertainment (USA)
 * AB Svensk Filmindustri (Sweden)
 * Sverdlovsk Film Studio (Russia)
 * Thanhouser Company (USA)
 * Three Mills Studios (UK)
 * THX (USA)
 * Tiffany Pictures (USA)
 * Tinapa Studios (Nigeria)
 * Toei (Japan)
 * Toho (Japan)
 * Tohokushinsha Film (Japan)
 * Touchstone Pictures (USA)
 * Triangle Film Corporation (USA)
 * TriStar Pictures (USA)
 * Troma Entertainment (USA)
 * Troublemaker Studios (USA)
 * Twickenham Film Studios (UK)
 * United Artists (USA)
 * Universal Studios (USA)
 * Victor Studios (USA)
 * Village Roadshow Pictures (Australia)
 * Vitagraph Studios (USA)
 * Walt Disney Pictures (USA)
 * Warner Bros. (USA)
 * The Weinstein Company (USA)
 * Wimbledon Studios (UK)
 * WingNut Films (New Zealand & USA)
 * World Wide Pictures (USA)
 * Village Roadshow (USA Australia)
 * Vishesh Films (India)
 * Yash Raj Films (India)