Pathé

Pathé Entertainment (sometimes known as Pathé or Pathé Frères and styled as PATHÉ!) is the name of various French businesses that were founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France starting in 1896. In the early 1900s, Pathé became the world's largest film equipment and production company, as well as a major producer of phonograph records. In 1908, Pathé invented the newsreel that was shown in cinemas prior to a feature film.

Today, Pathé is a major film production and distribution company, owning a number of cinema chains through it's subsidiary Les Cinémas Gaumont Pathé and television networks across Europe. It is the third oldest operating film company in the world, predating Universal Studios and Paramount Pictures, behind the French Gaumont studio and the Canadian Vancouver studio.

History
The company was founded as Société Pathé Frères (Pathé Brothers Company) in Paris, France on 28 September 1896, by the four brothers Charles, Émile, Théophile and Jacques Pathé. During the first part of the 20th century, Pathé became the largest film equipment and production company in the world, as well as a major producer of phonograph records.

The driving force behind the film operation was Charles Pathé, who had helped open a gramophone shop in 1894 and established a phonograph factory at Chatou on the western outskirts of Paris. As these became successful, he saw the opportunities offered by new means of entertainment and in particular by the fledgling motion picture industry. Having decided to expand the record business to include film equipment, the company expanded dramatically. To finance its growth, the company took the name Compagnie Générale des Établissements Pathé Frères Phonographes & Cinématographes (sometimes abbreviated as "C.G.P.C.") in 1897, and its shares were listed on the Paris Stock Exchange. In 1896, Mitchell Mark of Buffalo, New York, may have been the first American to import Pathé films to the United States, where they were shown in the Vitascope Theater.

In 1902, Pathé acquired the Lumière brothers' patents and then set about to design an improved studio camera and to make their own film stock. Their technologically advanced equipment, new processing facilities built at Vincennes, and aggressive merchandising combined with efficient distribution systems allowed them to capture a huge share of the international market. They first expanded to London in 1902 where they set up production facilities and a chain of movie theaters. By 1909, Pathé had built more than 200 movie theaters in France and Belgium and by the following year they had facilities in Madrid, Moscow, Rome and New York City plus Australia and Japan. Slightly later, they opened a film exchange in Buffalo, New York. Prior to the outbreak of World War I, Pathé dominated Europe's market in motion picture cameras and projectors. It has been estimated that at one time, 60 percent of all films were shot with Pathé equipment. In 1908, Pathé distributed Excursion to the Moon by Segundo de Chomón, an imitation of Georges Méliès's A Trip to the Moon. Pathé and Méliès worked together in 1911. Georges Méliès made a film Baron Munchausen's Dream, his first film to be distributed by Pathé. Pathé's relationship with Méliès soured, and in 1913 Méliès went bankrupt, and his last film was never released by Pathé.

Innovations
Worldwide, the company emphasized research, investing in such experiments as hand-coloured film and the synchronisation of film and gramophone recordings. In 1908, Pathé invented the newsreel that was shown in theaters prior to the feature film. The news clips featured the Pathé logo of a crowing rooster at the beginning of each reel. In 1912, it introduced 28 mm non-flammable film and equipment under the brand name Pathescope. Pathé News produced cinema newsreels from 1910, up until the 1970s when production ceased as a result of mass television ownership. In the United States, beginning in 1914, the company's film production studios in Fort Lee and Jersey City, NJ where their building still stands. The Heights, Jersey City produced the extremely successful serialized episodes called The Perils of Pauline. By 1918 Pathé had grown to the point where it was necessary to separate operations into two distinct divisions. With Emile Pathé as chief executive, Pathé Records dealt exclusively with phonographs and recordings while brother Charles managed Pathé-Cinéma which was responsible for film production, distribution, and exhibition. 1922 saw the introduction of the Pathé Baby home film system using a new 9.5 mm film stock which became popular over the next few decades. In 1921, Pathé sold off its United States motion picture production arm, which was renamed "Pathé Exchange" and later merged into RKO Pictures, disappearing as an independent brand in 1931. Pathé sold its British film studios to Eastman Kodak in 1927 while maintaining the theater and distribution arm.

Natan to Parretti
Pathé was already in substantial financial trouble when Bernard Natan took control of the company in 1929. Studio founder Charles Pathé had been selling assets for several years to boost investor value and keep the studio's cash flow healthy. The company's founder had even sold Pathé's name and "rooster" trademark to other companies in return for a mere 2 percent of revenues. Natan had the bad luck to take charge of the studio just as the Great Depression convulsed the French economy.

Natan attempted to steady Pathé's finances and implement modern film industry practices at the studio. Natan acquired another film studio, Société des Cinéromans, from Arthur Bernède and Gaston Leroux, which enabled Pathé to expand into projector and electronics manufacturing. He also bought the Fornier chain of motion picture theaters and rapidly expanded the chain's nationwide presence. The French press, however, attacked Natan mercilessly for his stewardship of Pathé. Many of these attacks were antisemitic.

Pathé-Natan did well under Natan's guidance. Between 1930 and 1935, despite the world economic crisis, the company made 100 million francs in profits, and produced and released more than 60 feature films (just as many films as major American studios produced at the time). He resumed production of the newsreel Pathé News, which had not been produced since 1927.

Natan also invested heavily into research and development to expand Pathe's film business. In 1929, he pushed Pathé into sound film. In September, the studio produced its first sound feature film, and its first sound newsreel a month later. Natan also launched two new cinema-related magazines, Pathé-Revue and Actualités Féminines, to help market Pathé's films and build consumer demand for cinema. Under Natan, Pathé also funded the research of Henri Chrétien, who developed the anamorphic lens (leading to the creation of CinemaScope and other widescreen film formats common today).

Natan expanded Pathé's business interests into communications industries other than film. In November 1929, Natan established France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan. A year later, he purchased a radio station in Paris and formed a holding company (Radio-Natan-Vitus) to run what would become a burgeoning radio empire.

But in 1935, Pathé went bankrupt. In order to finance the company's continued expansion, Pathé's board of directors (which still included Charles Pathé) voted in 1930 to issue shares worth 105 million francs. But with the depression deepening, only 50 percent of the shares were purchased. One of the investor banks collapsed due to financial difficulties unrelated to Pathé's problems, and Pathé was forced to follow through with the purchase of several movie theater chains it no longer could afford to buy. Although the company continued to make a profit (as noted above), it lost more money than it could bring in.

The collapse of Pathé led French authorities to indict Bernard Natan on charges of fraud. Natan was accused of financing the purchase of the company without any collateral, of bilking investors by establishing fictitious shell corporations, and negligent financial mismanagement. Natan was even accused of hiding his Romanian and Jewish heritage by changing his name. Natan was indicted and imprisoned in 1939. A second indictment was brought in 1941, and he was convicted shortly thereafter. He was freed by the French authorities in September 1942, delivered to the Nazis, and deported to Auschwitz where he died in October 1942. The company was forced to undergo a restructuring in 1943 and was acquired by Adrien Ramauge. Over the years, the business underwent a number of changes including diversification into producing programs for the burgeoning television industry. During the 1970s, operating theaters overtook film production as Pathé's primary source of revenue.

In the late 1980s, Italian financier Giancarlo Parretti tried to make a bid for Pathé, even taking over Cannon and renaming it Pathé Communications in anticipation of owning the storied studio. Parretti's shady past, however, raised enough eyebrows in the French government that the deal fell through. It turned out to be a fortunate decision, as Parretti later took over Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and merged it with his Pathé Communications Group to create MGM-Pathé Communications in 1990, only to lose it in a bankruptcy in late 1991.

Jérôme Seydoux
In 1990 Chargeurs, a French conglomerate led by Jérôme Seydoux, took control of the company. As a result of the deregulation of the French telecommunications market, in June 1999, Pathé merged with Vivendi, the exchange ratio for the merger fixed at three Vivendi shares for every two Pathé shares. The Wall Street Journal estimated the value of the deal at US$2.59 billion. Following the completion of the merger, Vivendi retained Pathé's interests in British Sky Broadcasting and CanalSatellite, a French broadcasting corporation, but then sold all remaining assets to Jérôme Seydoux's family-owned corporation, Fornier SA, which changed its name to Pathé.

Sectors
The sectors in which Pathé operates today are:
 * Cinema:
 * production (France and The United Kingdom)
 * distribution to theatres and homes (France, The United Kingdom and Switzerland)
 * the international management of a catalog of more than 800 films
 * Les cinémas Gaumont Pathé
 * Pathé Live
 * Cable and satellite television networks:
 * TMC (Télé Monte Carlo)
 * Comédie! (majority shareholder)
 * cuisine.tv
 * Voyage
 * The Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel retained three of the projects of the group for digital terrestrial television: TMC, Comédie! and cuisine.tv.
 * The OL Groupe (23,81%)

International distribution
Prior to 2009 in the UK, Pathé self-distributed its films, with their films being released on home video by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. In 2009, Warner Bros. began distributing Pathé films in the UK, with their home video releases continuing to be released by 20th Century Fox. However, in February 2011, Pathé ended their relationship with Warner Bros., in favor of 20th Century Fox releasing their films now both theatrically and on home entertainment.

Films
Films distributed by Pathé include:


 * 127 Hours (UK and France distribution, co-production with Fox Searchlight Pictures, Dune Entertainment, Warner Bros. Pictures, Everest Entertainment, Film4 Productions, Darlow Smithson Productions, and Cloud 8 Films)
 * Adulthood (UK distribution only, co-production with the UK Film Council)
 * The Air I Breathe (UK distribution only, co-production with ThinkFilm)
 * Alexander (France distribution only, co-production with Constantin Film, Pinewood Studios, Intermedia, France 3 Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures)
 * Ask the Dust (UK distribution only, co-production with Paramount Vantage)
 * Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Canal+ and TF1)
 * Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Canal+ and TF1)
 * Asterix at the Olympic Games (UK and France distribution only, co-production with TF1 and Canal+)
 * Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (UK distribution only, produced by New Line Cinema)
 * Beauty and the Beast (France distribution only, co-production with TF1, Canal+, Ciné+ and Studio Babelsberg)
 * Be Kind Rewind (UK distribution only, co-production with Focus Features and New Line Cinema)
 * Black Book (France distribution only, co-production with Clockwork Pictures and Babelsberg Studio)
 * Black Christmas (UK distribution only, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and the Weinstein Company)
 * Bride and Prejudice (UK distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films)
 * Broken Embraces (UK distribution only, co-production with Sony Pictures Classics and Universal Pictures)
 * Centurion (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Celador Films)
 * Chicken Run (UK and France distribution only, co-production with DreamWorks Animation (US distribution only), and Aardman Animations
 * The Cottage (co-production with the UK Film Council)
 * Crash (UK distribution only, co-production with Lionsgate)
 * The Descent (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Celador Films)
 * The Descent Part 2 (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Celador Films)
 * The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (France distribution only, co-production with France 3 Cinema)
 * Eden Lake (co-production with The Weinstein Company)
 * Enemy (studio credit only, co-production with Entertainment One, Corus Entertainment, Telefilm Canada and Roxbury Pictures)
 * Enemy at the Gates (co-production with Mandalay Pictures and Paramount Pictures)
 * Florence Foster Jenkins (UK and French distribution only, co-production)
 * The Fox and the Child (UK distribution only, produced by Canal+ and France 3 Cinema)
 * Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (UK distribution only, co-production with New Line Cinema)
 * The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard (co-production with Paramount Vantage)
 * Honest (UK distribution only)
 * Hottie and the Nottie (co-production with Summit Entertainment)
 * The Illusionist (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Canal+, France 3 Cinema, Django Films, Warner Bros. Pictures and Sony Pictures Classics)
 * Jacky in Women's Kingdom (co-production with France 2 Cinema, France Télévisions, Canal+, Ciné+ and Orange Studio)
 * Jane Eyre (UK distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films)
 * James and the Giant Peach (UK distribution only, co-production with Allied Filmmakers and Walt Disney Pictures)
 * Jappeloup (co-production with Canal+, Ciné+, Orange Studio and TF1)
 * Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (UK distribution only, co-production with New Line Cinema)
 * Lost in Translation (France distribution only, co-production with Focus Features)
 * Love Labour's Lost (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Miramax, Shepperton Studios and Intermedia)
 * The Magic Roundabout (UK and France distribution only, co-production with France 3 Cinema, and UK Film Council)
 * Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (UK and France distribution only, co-production with The Weinstein Company and Origin Pictures)
 * Marie Antoinette (France distribution only, co-production with American Zoetrope and Columbia Pictures)
 * Memento (UK distribution only, co-production with Summit Entertainment and Newmarket Films)
 * Mr. Nobody (France distribution only, co-production with Wild Bunch Productions and Canal+)
 * No One Lives (co-production with WWE Studios and Anchor Bay Films)
 * Oceans (France distribution only, co-production with Canal+, France 2 Cinema, France 3 Cinema and Participant Media, US and Canadian distribution is Disneynature)
 * Philomena (UK and France distribution only, co-production with BBC Films, Canal+, and Ciné+)
 * The Player (UK distribution only, co-production with New Line Cinema)
 * Pride (UK and France distribution only, co-production with CBS Films, BBC Films, British Film Institute, Canal+ and Ciné+)
 * Rescue Dawn (UK distribution only, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
 * Rush (France distribution only, produced by Imagine Entertainment, Revolution Media, Working Title Films, StudioCanal, Exclusive Media, Cross Creek Pictures and Universal Pictures)
 * The Scouting Book for Boys (co-production with Film4 Productions and Celador Films)
 * Savages (France distribution only, co-production with Relativity Media and Universal Pictures)
 * Selma (co-production with Harpo Films, Paramount Pictures and Celador Films)
 * Slumdog Millionaire (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Celador Films, Film4 Productions, Warner Bros. Pictures and Fox Searchlight Pictures)
 * Son of the Mask (France distribution only, co-production with New Line Cinema)
 * Suffragette (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Film4 Productions, Canal+ and Ciné+)
 * Thunderpants (UK distribution only, co-production with CP Medien AG and Mission Pictures)
 * Titeuf (France distribution only, co-production with MoonScoop Group)
 * Topsy-Turvy (UK distribution only, co-production with Thin Man Films)
 * Touching the Void (UK distribution only, co-production with IFC Films, Film4 Productions and the UK Film Council)
 * Trance (International sales only, co-production with Fox Searchlight Pictures, Film4 Productions and Indian Paintbrush)
 * Twixt (co-production with American Zoetrope)
 * Two Brothers (UK and France distribution only, co-production with Universal Pictures and France 3 Cinema
 * The Virgin Suicides (UK and France distribution only)
 * Viceroy's House (UK and France distribution only)
 * What Just Happened (UK distribution only, produced by Magnolia Pictures)
 * Why I Did (Not) Eat My Father (France distribution)
 * Youth Without Youth (UK distribution only, co-production with American Zoetrope and Sony Pictures Classics)
 * Zarafa (France distribution only, co-production with France 3 Cinema)